Nettle is a perennial herb that spreads naturally especially along stream borders, in wetlands and irrigable field areas. The plant can grow to more than 1 m in height. The trunk, branches and leaves are hairy and contain compounds irritating to human skin.
This plant contains a wide range of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and lignans, whose excellent pharmacological activities including antiviral, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anticancer, nephroprotective are widely reported. Nettle leaves contains 0.01% essential oil and the essential oil contains carvacrol (38.2%), carvone (9.0%), naphthalene (8.9%), (E)-ethanol (4.7%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (3.0%), (E)-geranyl (2.9%), (E)-beta-ionone (2.8%) and phytol (2.7%).
Other compounds: Benzene dicarboxylic acid, β-linalool, phytol, menthol, borneol, 3-Eicosene (E) 1-8 cineole (5.60%) and camphor (5.36%)